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Summary
Summary
Given the increased interest in the relationship between diet and autism spectrum conditions, this is a timely publication which is both thorough and balanced in content. Parents and professionals alike will find this book of use by virtue of Ken's meticulous reviews of current scientific evidence for a variety of diets combined with practical advice on the application of such interventions.'
- Dr. Paul Whiteley, Autism Research Unit
'Dr. Aitken provides a timely synthesis of diet interventions in autistic spectrum disorders set within a framework of historical and political references. This informative work offers invaluable assistance to the wider clinical team, further enabling effective support and guidance to the ASD community in its quest for a healthy future.'
- Rosemary Kessick, former CEO of AiA (Allergy Induced Autism)
Research in autism increasingly indicates the existence of different forms of the condition, and the possibility of dietary interventions having a positive effect on symptoms and behaviours associated with autism.
The author explores the main dietary approaches that have been advocated in ASD. For each approach, the author explores the potential benefits; evidence for and against the diet and its relation to different genetic conditions; and information, where available, on relevant publications, web resources and support groups. The author proposes an approach, the Simple Restriction Diet (SRD), which he describes in detail, explaining how to implement this approach and how to use it to work out whether a dietary approach is of benefit.
This book will be a valuable resource for families, individuals and professionals wishing to understand and explore the possibilities of dietary interventions and the benefits they can have for those on the autism spectrum.
Author Notes
Kenneth J. Aitken is an experienced psychologist and author with a specialist interest in ASDs. He works as an Independent Consultant, based in Edinburgh and as a Clinical Psychologist for the LD-CAMHS Service, Greater Glasgow, and was previously Principal Clinical Neuropsychologist at the Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh. He is co-author of Children with Autism, also published by Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
Reviews (1)
Library Journal Review
Whether to try a dietary intervention is a question parents of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) struggle with because of the lack of definitive scientific research into its efficacy. Aitken, a psychologist and expert on ASD and diet, has written a comprehensive and detailed review of dietary treatments being advocated for use in helping those diagnosed with ASD. He takes great care to explore the role of diet in behavior and why diet may help symptoms of ASD from a scientific viewpoint. Each chapter highlights a different diet, explaining the plan, evidence supporting its use, whether it works, and possible problems that may be encountered as well as listing resources for further information. Aitken devotes a large section to the Simple Restriction Diet. He also includes forms, a glossary, and ASD contacts. A great resource for parents of children with ASD as well as school or medical professionals working with individuals with ASD. Recommended for public libraries with developmental disability collections.-Lisa M. Jordan, Johnson Cty. Lib., KS (c) Copyright 2010. Library Journals LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Media Source, Inc. No redistribution permitted.
Table of Contents
| How to Use This Book | p. 13 |
| Part I Diets, ASDs and Dietary Interventions | |
| 1 Introduction to Diet and ASDs | p. 17 |
| Why do we eat what we do? | p. 21 |
| Autism spectrum disorders | p. 28 |
| Preliminary conclusion - more research needs to be done | p. 38 |
| Families use dietary interventions whatever the clinical recommendations or admonitions | p. 39 |
| So where do we go from here? | p. 43 |
| 2 Dietary Interventions | p. 46 |
| Why would you think of using a diet to help someone with an ASD? | p. 46 |
| Things to leave out which may be causing a problem | p. 50 |
| Digestive differences | p. 52 |
| An overview of toxic reactions | p. 55 |
| Potentially protective factors | p. 67 |
| Aberrant immune responses | p. 68 |
| Difficulties with body clearance | p. 69 |
| Part II Diets for People with ASDs | |
| 3 So, What Diets Are Currently Used with ASDs and Why? | p. 73 |
| 4 The Mackarness (Low-Carbohydrate, High-Protein) Diet | p. 76 |
| What are the different types of dietary fats and why is this important? | p. 81 |
| Why are differences in omega-3 and omega-6 levels important? | p. 84 |
| What is the Mackarness diet? | p. 86 |
| What does it claim to do? | p. 87 |
| What is the evidence? | p. 87 |
| Ketogenics | p. 88 |
| Is there evidence of possible problems on low-carbohydrate, high-protein diets? | p. 92 |
| Is there counter-evidence that low-carbohydrate, high-protein diets are less effective? | p. 95 |
| In summary | p. 96 |
| What is the relevance today? | p. 96 |
| Resources | p. 99 |
| 5 The Feingold Diet | p. 101 |
| What is it? | p. 101 |
| What does it claim to do? | p. 105 |
| What is the evidence? | p. 105 |
| Does it work? | p. 106 |
| Is there any evidence of possible problems? | p. 106 |
| The 'Failsafe' diet | p. 107 |
| Resources | p. 107 |
| 6 The Specific Carbohydrate Diet | p. 108 |
| What is it? | p. 108 |
| What does it claim to do? | p. 108 |
| SCD diet protocol | p. 109 |
| Are there practical difficulties with following the SCD? | p. 110 |
| What is the evidence? | p. 110 |
| Is there any evidence of possible problems? | p. 111 |
| Resources | p. 111 |
| 7 The CF-GF Diet | p. 112 |
| What is it? | p. 112 |
| What is casein? | p. 113 |
| What is gluten? | p. 114 |
| What does a CF-GF diet claim to do? | p. 114 |
| Is this the same mechanism that causes celiac disease? | p. 116 |
| What is the evidence for CF-GF diets in ASD? | p. 117 |
| Does it work? | p. 118 |
| Are there potential problems with adopting a CF-GF diet? | p. 118 |
| Could digestive enzymes be helpful? | p. 119 |
| Resources | p. 121 |
| 8 The Low Oxalate Diet | p. 124 |
| Why do I need to know about oxalates? | p. 124 |
| What are oxalates? | p. 124 |
| What is hyperoxaluria? | p. 125 |
| How is oxalate metabolized? | p. 127 |
| Can oxalate levels be tested? | p. 127 |
| What do oxalates do? | p. 127 |
| The low oxalate diet in ASD - what does it aim to do? | p. 128 |
| What is the evidence? | p. 129 |
| Resources | p. 131 |
| 9 The Low Glutamate Diet/GARD (Glutamate-Aspartate Restricted Diet) | p. 132 |
| What is it? | p. 132 |
| What does the diet claim to do? | p. 134 |
| What is the evidence? | p. 134 |
| Resources | p. 135 |
| 10 The Low Phenylalanine Diet | p. 136 |
| What is it? | p. 136 |
| What does it claim to do? | p. 137 |
| What is required? | p. 137 |
| What is the evidence? | p. 138 |
| Carnitine | p. 139 |
| Are there developments in the management of difficulties with phenylalanine metabolism? | p. 140 |
| Resources | p. 140 |
| 11 The Low Phenol Diet | p. 142 |
| What is it? | p. 142 |
| What does it claim to do? | p. 142 |
| What is the evidence? | p. 144 |
| Are there any potential problems with low phenol diets? | p. 144 |
| Resources | p. 145 |
| 12 The Body Ecology Diet | p. 146 |
| What is it? | p. 146 |
| What does it claim to do? | p. 147 |
| What is the evidence? | p. 147 |
| Resources | p. 147 |
| 13 The Rotation Diet | p. 148 |
| What is it? | p. 148 |
| Basic rotation diet principles (Katahn) | p. 148 |
| What does it claim to do? | p. 150 |
| What is the evidence? | p. 151 |
| Resources | p. 151 |
| 14 Possible Problems which Can Present with Current Diets | p. 152 |
| Part III The Simple Restriction Diet (SRD) | |
| 15 About the Simple Restriction Diet and Getting Started | p. 159 |
| Is there a common factor? | p. 161 |
| First steps | p. 166 |
| Starting with the SRD | p. 167 |
| 16 Living on a Simple Restriction Diet | p. 169 |
| Putting it all together - assessing the effects of dietary restriction | p. 171 |
| What can someone eat and drink on the strict phase of the SRD? | p. 175 |
| 17 Reintroduction of Foods | p. 178 |
| How do I test out what, if anything, is causing a problem? | p. 178 |
| How do I ensure the diet does not get boring? | p. 180 |
| How can I be sure that the diet is still required? | p. 181 |
| 18 How Long Is Long Enough to Give Benefit? | p. 184 |
| Low-carbohydrate approaches | p. 185 |
| Ketogenic diet | p. 185 |
| PUFA supplementation | p. 185 |
| Low oxylate diets | p. 187 |
| CF-GF diets | p. 187 |
| 19 Summing Up | p. 188 |
| Assessment, follow-up and support | p. 191 |
| Resources | |
| Food Table | p. 194 |
| A Chronology for Dietary Intervention | p. 200 |
| Background History Form | p. 204 |
| Food Diary | p. 210 |
| Further Information on Specific Diets | p. 212 |
| Glossary of Terms | p. 215 |
| Helpful Contacts and Websites | p. 232 |
| A Bibliography of Some of the Best-Known Books on Low-Carbohydrate Diets | p. 239 |
| References | p. 242 |
| Subject Index | |
| Author Index | |
| Figures and Tables | |
| Table 1.1 Recent ARI diet outcomes | p. 19 |
| Table 2.1 Major global arable crop tonnages per annum | p. 54 |
| Table 2.2 Chemical toxins and their effects | p. 66 |
| Figure 4.1 Fats and the basic pathway for PUFA degradation | p. 82 |
| Table 4.1 Examples of fat sources in diet | p. 83 |
| Figure 4.2 A simple diagram of PUFA metabolism | p. 85 |
| Figure 4.3 The biology of the ketogenic diet | p. 90 |
| Table 5.1 Significant dietary sources of salicylates | p. 103 |
| Table 7.1 ARI casein- and gluten-free diet outcomes | p. 118 |
| Table 7.2 Digestive enzyme supplements | p. 120 |
| Figure 8.1 Oxalate metabolism | p. 126 |
| Figure 11.1 Phenol metabolism | p. 143 |
| Table 11.1 Phenol-lowering supplements | p. 145 |
| Table 14.1 Possible problems with current diets | p. 153 |
| Table 15.1 Common factors in current diets | p. 162 |
| Table 15.2 Recommended supplementation | p. 166 |
